【考点分析】
代词
1.人称代词主格与宾格的用法;
2.名词性和形容词性物主代词的用法;
3.反身代词的用法;
4.指示代词this, that, these, those的用法;
5.表示两者和多者的不定代词的比较;
6.some,any的用法辨析;
7.each, every的用法辨析;
8.(a) little,(a)few,a bit的用法辨析;
9.替代词it, that, (the) one(s), those的用法辨析;
10.another, (the) other(s), else; the rest的用法辨析;
11.every-,some-,any-,no-与thing,-one,-body构成的复合不定代词的用法。
数词
1.基数词的确指和不确指;
2.数词与主谓一致关系;
3.dozen和score的用法;
4.序数词与冠词的连用。
【知识点归纳】
(一)代词
代词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一，也是考生容易出错的项目，因为代词具有较大灵活性。考生在做代词选择填空时最容易犯的错误是1)机械地套用语法规则;2)用汉语思维去分析题意。从高考考查情况看，高考考查最多的是不定代词，因为不定代词是整个代词中最为活跃的部分，其次是名词性物主代词和反身代词。
I.代词的分类
| 单数 | 复数 | |||||||
|
第一 人称 |
第二 人称 |
第三 人称 |
第一 人称 |
第二 人称 |
第三 人称 |
|||
| 人称代词 | 主格 | I | you | he she it | we | you | they | |
| 宾格 | me | you | him her it | us | You | them | ||
| 物主代词 |
形容 词性 |
my | your | his her its | our | your | their | |
| 名词性 | mine | yours | his hers its | ours | yours | theirs | ||
| 反身代词 | myself | yourself | himself herself itself | ourselves | yourselves | themselves | ||
| 指示代词 | this that such | these those such | ||||||
| 相互代词 | 宾格 | each other one another | ||||||
| 所有格 | each other’s one another’s | |||||||
| 不定代词 | 可数 | one each, many, (a) few ,both, another, either., neither | ||||||
| 不可数 | much, (a) little | |||||||
| 可数不可数 | any other all some | |||||||
|
复合 不定代词 |
anyone anybody anything somebody something someone everyone everything everybody nobody nothing | |||||||
| 疑问代词 | who whom whose which what | |||||||
| 连接代词 | who whom whose which what（参见专题八） | |||||||
| 关系代词 | who whom whose which that（参见专题八） | |||||||
II.代词的用法
1.人称代词
①在句中作主语,用主格，在句中作宾语,则用宾格;
She teaches them physics.
②在句中作表语,常用宾格;
Who is it? It’s me.
但有时要用主格：It was I who told him the whole story.
在强调句型中,强调的是主语,故I用主格。
③两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时,其顺序是：
单数按2,3,1人称排列，复数按1,2,3人称顺序排列。
you, she and I ; we, you and they
2.物主代词
①形容词性物主代词只能作宾语
We love our motherland.
②名词性物主代词可用作主语,表语和宾语
Your coat is black while mine is red.
3.反身代词
①用作宾语、表语，或主语、宾语的同位语
He teaches himself Japanese every evening.(宾语)
She is not quite herself today.她今天身体不太舒服。(表语)
I myself can repair the bike.(主语的同位语)
②常用含有反身代词的惯用语归纳
by oneself= alone 独自 for oneself独立、为自己
be oneself处于正常状态,显得自然 enjoy oneself玩得愉快
seat oneself坐下 dress oneself in 给自己穿
devote oneself to专心于、献身于 help oneself to 自行取用、不用客气
come to oneself苏醒 make oneself at home 不要客气
4.指示代词
①this和that是近指, that和those 是远指
I don’t want this book. I want that one.
②有时为了避免重复,常用that/ those 来代表前面出现过的名词
At this time of year, the weather here is much colder than that in Nanjing.
③this和that都可代表前面提到过的事情,若出现两个名词,指代前面的用that指代较后面的用this;但若指下文将要叙述事情,则只能用this，不能用that。此外，还可用于代替上文中出现过个单数或不可数名词，且后面带有of短语修饰。
Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康胜于财富;财富不会像健康那样带来那么多幸福(句中this=wealth;that=health)
They cant afford it.That/this is their problem.
What I want you to remember is this :English is of great use.(此句中this不能用that替换)
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou.
④such的用法
such 一般在句中作定语和主语.用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在之后。
Such is my answer.
Such are the results of the exams.
I have never seen such beautiful flowers.
用作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词应放在such之后such a good book。
5.相互代词
①在句中可作宾语
They help each other and learn from each other.
②加’s后成为所有格,作定语
They asked about one another’s life and work.
6.不定代词
不定代词种类较多,在使用时应注意其用法与区别。为了便于记忆我们择其重点以表格的形式列出。
| 不定代词 | 区 别 | 例 句 |
|
one, some， any和it |
one可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones。 |
①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them ②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those |
| some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 |
—Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________? A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle |
|
| some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 |
①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. ②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? —________way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either |
|
|
one指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。记住下列三点区别： ①it =the /this/ my…+单数名词 one =a/an+单数名词 ②it代替特定的单数名词 one代替不特定的单数名词 ③one之前加上定冠词the可以表示特指,one前如有形容词修饰,之前还可以加上不定冠词,但是it之前既不能加冠词也不能加形容词修饰。 |
①—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? —No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it ②This film is an interesting one. ③Of all the dresses, this is the one I like best. |
|
| some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 |
①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any ②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________. A.none B.either C.any D.each ③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much |
|
| each和every | each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 |
①Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary.= We each have a dictionary. ②Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points. |
| all和both | both指两个人或物,而all指三个以上的人或物. 在句中都可作主语，宾语,表语,同位语和定语 |
①— Which of the two books will you take? — I’ll take ____and I think ____of them is very important to me. A. either; neither B. neither; both C. both; either D. either; both ②—Which of those electronic dictionaries do you like most? —____.They are both cheap and of great importance. A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All |
|
注意：both, all, each, every以及由every构成的不定代词出现在否定句中，不管否定词在前还是在后，都是部分否定：All of them don’t like music=Not all of them like music.他们并不都喜欢音乐。 要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none ，no one ，nothing，nobody等。 Neither of them doesn’t like music.他们俩都不喜欢音乐。 None of them don’t like the music.他们都不喜欢音乐。 |
||
| none和no | no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可。 |
①There is no water in the bottle. ②How much water is there in the bottle? None. ③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. |
| other和another |
other泛指“另外的，别的”常与 其他词连用，④the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。 |
①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract. A.another B. the other C. neither D. each ②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. |
|
another指“又一个，另一个”无 所指，复数形式是others，泛指 “别的人或事”。 |
①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month． A.the other B．some C．another D．other ②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair /some others. ③Some like football, while others like basketball. |
|
| either和neither |
前者意思为：两者中任何一方都； 后者意思为：两者都不。 |
①—Do you want tea or coffee? —______,I really don't mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. all ②It was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which _____ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each |
| few和little;a few和a little |
few 和little 表示没有多少,含否 定意义,而a few 和a little表示一 些,有几个,含肯定意义.另外, few 与a few修饰可数名词, little与 a little 修饰不可数名词。 此外quite a few , quitea little意思 是“不少,相当多的”。 |
①The old man knows a little English. ②Few of them |
7.it的用法
①用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事情。
This bike is not mine. It’s Peter’s.
②用以代替提示代词this, that
—What is this? —It’s a pen.
—Whose book is that? —It’s Mike’s.
③起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物
—Who is knocking at the door? —It’s me.
—Who is making such a noise. —It must be the children.
④指环境情况等。
It was very quiet at the moment.
⑤指时间，季节，天气，气候等
—What time is it? —It is eight o’clock.
It often rains in summer.
⑥指距离
It is five kilometers from the office to my home.
It is a long way to the factory.
⑦作形式主语和形式宾语
当动词不定式,动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语
It is not easy to finish the work in two days.
It is not a good habit to stay up late.
It is no use crying over split milk.
It is a pity that you didn’t read the book..
当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式,动名词,宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前
I think it no use arguing with him.
I found it very interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
注意：see to it that…(务必)和take it for granted that…(想当然)句型中的it，以及词组make it
中的it(做事成功，搞定)。
⑧用于强调结构(详见专题九)
要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语,状语,宾语), 可以把it 当作先行词.这种句子的结构是 “It is(was)+被强调部分+that (who )+句子的其余部分” .如果强调的部分是人,可用who whom 代替that
I met an old friend in the park yesterday.
此句各部分被强调后句型如下：
It was I who /that met an old friend in the park yesterday.
It was an old friend who/ that/whom I met in the park yesterday.
It was in the park that I met an old friend yesterday.
It was yesterday that I met an old friend in the park.
